Symbolic Artificial intelligence
1 symbolic 1.1 cognitive simulation 1.2 logic-based 1.3 anti-logic or scruffy 1.4 knowledge-based symbolic when access digital computers became possible in middle 1950s, ai research began explore possibility human intelligence reduced symbol manipulation. research centered in 3 institutions: carnegie mellon university, stanford , mit, , each 1 developed own style of research. john haugeland named these approaches ai old fashioned ai or gofai . during 1960s, symbolic approaches had achieved great success @ simulating high-level thinking in small demonstration programs. approaches based on cybernetics or neural networks abandoned or pushed background. researchers in 1960s , 1970s convinced symbolic approaches succeed in creating machine artificial general intelligence , considered goal of field. cognitive simulation economist herbert simon , allen newell studied human problem-solving skills , attempted formalize them, , work laid foundations of field of artificial intelligence, cognit...