Classical stages Racine stages

this video demonstrates range in severity of seizures fall 5 classical stages when stimulus causes seizures added rat model. example, rats can seen rearing (standing on hind legs) , falling over, demonstrate fourth , fifth racine stages.

as intensity of seizure increases, severity efferent actions increase. each stage result of action potentials causing muscle contract , relax resulting in involuntary, observable action.

racine stages

mouth , facial movement

sometimes hard determine, can observed in human patients period in time when patient experiences absentmindedness or becomes still.


head nodding

uncontrollable muscle contractions in neck cause slight severe jarring of head.


forelimb clonus

involuntary movement of arms due increased muscle stimulation.


rearing forelimb clonus

broadening of chest. rat models, rearing can demonstrated rat standing on hind legs.


rearing , falling forelimb clonus (generalized motor convulsions)

during final stage, patient @ highest risk injury. risk of injury due falling, or situational circumstances may threaten life of patient , around them.

as level of stimulus increases, resulting involuntary movement goes down level of stages. levels further down racine stages contain symptoms of previous stages. example, person demonstrating actions of stage 4 seizure may demonstrate head nodding (indicative of level 2 seizure). known repeated exposure stimuli lowers overall threshold seizure.) first 2 stages have been seen 2 4 days before increase in severity of seizure seen. can recorded patient experiencing reactive behavior seen higher on racine scale. seen 80% of patients suffering seizures.