The Three Kingdoms Ancient Chinese coinage

-



1 3 kingdoms

1.1 cao wei (222–265)
1.2 shu han (221–265)
1.3 eastern wu (222–280)





the 3 kingdoms

obverse , reverse of zhi bai wu zhu coin.


in 220, han dynasty came end, , followed long period of disunity , civil war, beginning 3 kingdoms period, developed divisions within han dynasty. these 3 states cao wei in northern china, shu han west, , eastern wu in east. period golden age of chivalry in chinese history, described in historical novel romance of 3 kingdoms. coinage reflected unsettled times, small , token coins predominating.


cao wei (222–265)

this state issued wu zhu coins.


shu han (221–265)

the coins issued state were:



zhi bai wu zhu (chinese: 直百五銖; pinyin: zhí bǎi wǔ zhū; literally: value 1 hundred wu zhu ) found incuse characters on reverse.
zhi bai (chinese: 直百; pinyin: zhí bǎi; literally: value 1 hundred ) when liu bei, later ruler of shu , 1 of heroes of romance of 3 kingdoms, took chengdu in sichuan in 214, advised issue value 1 hundred coins overcome problems of maintaining troops; hence these coins attributed him.
tai ping bai qian (chinese: 太平百錢; pinyin: tàipíng bǎi qián; literally: taiping 1 hundred cash )




the tai ping bai qian coin @ first attributed sun liang of eastern wu, adopted tai ping year title in 256. of them, however, have been unearthed in sichuan (in 1 instance in tomb dated 227) zhi bai coins, which, incuse marks on reverse, indicates issues of shu han. fancy calligraphy , reverses of large coins more typical of amulets circulating coins, , peng seeks associate them taiping taoists of time.


zhi yi (chinese: 直一; pinyin: zhí yī; literally: value 1 )
ding ping yi bai (chinese: 定平一百; pinyin: dìngpíng yībǎi; literally: ding ping 1 hundred )

in 1860s, jar of small goose eye coins dug in chengdu in sichuan. contained tai ping bai qian, ding ping yi bai, zhi bai, , zhi yi coins. reinforces supposition these coins near contemporaries, issued shu han.


eastern wu (222–280)

da quan wu bai (chinese: 大泉五百; pinyin: dàquán wǔbǎi; literally: large coin 5 hundred )
da quan dang qian (chinese: 大泉當千; pinyin: dàquán dāng qiān; literally: large coin worth thousand )
da quan er qian (chinese: 大泉二千; pinyin: dàquán èrqiān; literally: large coin, 2 thousand )
da quan wu qian (chinese: 大泉五千; pinyin: dàquán wǔqiān; literally: large coin, 5 thousand ): 6 specimens known.

according records, in 236 sun quan, ruler of wu, cast da quan wu bai, , in 238 da quan dang qian coins. people called upon hand on copper in possession , receive cash, , illicit coining discouraged. these coarse coins, cast in capital nanking or in hubei. in 2000, clay moulds , other casting materials da quan wu bai coins discovered in western lake, hangzhou.








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Types Raffinate

-
1 types 1.1 raffinate-1 or c4r1 1.2 raffinate-2 or c4r2 1.3 raffinate-3 or c4r3 1.4 raffinate-4 or c4r4 types raffinate-1 or c4r1 in naphtha cracking process, c4r1 refers c4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene c4 raffinate stream , which, consists of isobutylene 40~50 wt% , cis- or trans-2-butene 30~35 wt%. c4r1 side product in 1,3-butadiene plant , feed tert-butyl alcohol plant. raffinate-2 or c4r2 in naphtha cracking process, c4r2 refers c4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene , isobutylene c4 raffinate stream , consists of cis- or trans-2-butene 50~60 wt%, 1-butene 10~15 wt%, , n-butane ~20 wt%. c4r2 side product in tert-butyl alcohol plant if c4r1 used feed. raffinate-3 or c4r3 in naphtha cracking process, c4r3 refers c4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene, isobutylene, , 1-butene c4 raffinate stream consists of cis- or trans-2-butene, n-butane, , unseparated 1-butene. c4r3 being process through selective hydrogenation unit (shu) , cdh...
Read more

Biography Michał Vituška

-
meanwhile, special units (ss-jagdverbände) of local collaborationists trained germans infiltrate soviet rear. trained in dahlwitz near berlin ss-standartenführer otto skorzeny. paratroopers came reichskommissariat ostland; , split commandos based on country of origin. part of nazi effort combat growing soviet partisan movement in belarus during war, thirty belarusians espionage , sabotage outfit known Čorny kot (black cat) led michał vituška age 37, airdropped luftwaffe in late 1944 behind lines of red army. @ time, german forces had been expelled present-day belarus during operation bagration. black cats experienced initial successes due disorganization in rear of red army. other german-trained belarusian nationalist units slipped through białowieża forest in 1945. however, nkvd secret police informants infiltrated these units. result, ambushed , killed in short order. the anti-soviet partisans experienced initial success due disorganization in rear of red army. vituška became coord...
Read more

Caf.C3.A9 Types of restaurant

-
byways cafe in portland, oregon, usa cafés informal restaurants offering range of hot meals , made-to-order sandwiches. coffee shops, while similar cafés, not restaurants due fact serve , derive majority of revenue hot drinks. many cafés open breakfast , serve full hot breakfasts. in areas, cafés offer outdoor seating. word comes french café, designates coffee shop and/or bar in france.
Read more