Suggestions for improving Gender Empowerment Measure

many suggestions have been made alter gem. has been suggested gem altered include female representation in local government instead of national government make less elite. furthermore, has been recommended should revised reflect female participation in political activities such voting. additionally, has been recommended component regarding women’s control on own bodies , sexuality added measuring availability of birth control , right abortion. has been suggested gem altered include proportion of females in extreme poverty opposed proportion of parliamentary positions held females. lastly, has been suggested gem altered include female levels of unemployment. other suggestions include coming different ways deal earned income part make more straightforward mode of measurement.

suggested alternatives

suggestions have been made replace gem whole. 1 such suggestion calculation of separate human development indexes males , females provide more straightforward picture of gender inequality (first suggested halis akder in 1994). suggestion create gender-gap measure. in 2003 charmes , wieringa came women s empowerment matrix considers 6 spheres (physical, socio-cultural, religious, political, legal , economic) 6 levels: individual, household, community, state, regional, , global. gee suggested alternative gem, measure include legal framework , protection of women s rights, other important areas of women’s empowerment overlooked gem women’s movements, public attitudes, , equal rights. lastly, in 2010 human development report, new measuring mechanism created entitled gender inequality index. new experimental measure considers 3 dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, , labor market participation aim ameliorate of problems associated gem.