Jihad movement Sokoto Caliphate

usman dan fodio, islamic scholar , urbanized fulani, had been actively educating , preaching in city of gobir approval , support of hausa leadership of city. however, when yunfa, former student of dan fodio, became sultan of gobir restricted dan fodio s activities, forcing him exile in gudu. large number of peoples left gobir join dan fodio , response on february 21, 1804, yunfa declared war on dan fodio.

despite losses @ battle of tsuntua , elsewhere, forces of dan fodio began taking on of key cities starting in 1805. war lasted 1804 until 1808 , forces of dan fodio able capture states of katsina , daura, , important kingdom of kano in 1807 , gobir in 1808.

the caliphate founded in february 1804 @ gudu when dan-fodio proclaimed amir al-mu minin, defender of faithful. usman dan fodio declared number of flag bearers amongst following him, creating political structure of empire. in 1809, muhammed bello, son of dan fodio, founded city of sokoto, became capital of sokoto caliphate.

the jihads had created new slaving frontier on basis of rejuvenated islam. 1900 sokoto caliphate had @ least 1 million , perhaps many 2.5 million slaves , second american south (which had 4 million in 1860) in size among modern slave societies. however, slavery in caliphate, in rest of muslim world, did not take on form of chattel slavery, , there far less of distinction between slaves , masters.