Non-zero expectation value Vacuum state

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the video of experiment showing vacuum fluctuations (in red ring) amplified spontaneous parametric down-conversion.


if quantum field theory can accurately described through perturbation theory, properties of vacuum analogous properties of ground state of quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator (or more accurately, ground state of qm problem). in case vacuum expectation value (vev) of field operator vanishes. quantum field theories in perturbation theory breaks down @ low energies (for example, quantum chromodynamics or bcs theory of superconductivity) field operators may have non-vanishing vacuum expectation values called condensates. in standard model, non-zero vacuum expectation value of higgs field, arising spontaneous symmetry breaking, mechanism other fields in theory acquire mass.







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