History Mongolian People's Republic

1 history

1.1 formation
1.2 consolidation of power (1925–38)
1.3 world war ii (1939–45)
1.4 1945 sino-soviet treaty , mongolia s independence
1.5 cold war politics (1945–85)
1.6 collapse (1985–96)

history

formation

from 1691 1911, outer mongolia ruled manchu qing dynasty. in first decade of 20th century, qing government began implementing so-called new policies, aimed @ further integration of outer mongolia. upset prospect of colonization akin developments in inner mongolia during 19th century, mongolian aristocracy turned russian empire support. in august 1911, mongol delegation went saint petersburg , obtained pledge of limited support. when returned, xinhai revolution led collapse of qing dynasty had begun. in december 1911 mongols deposed qing amban in ulaanbaatar , declared independence under leadership of 8th jebtsundamba khutuktu, appointed bogd khan of mongolia, breaking away qing dynasty. attempts include inner mongolia new state failed various reasons, including military weakness of inner mongols achieve independence, lack of russian assistance them (russia bound in inner mongolian affairs secret treaties japan), , lack of support inner mongolian aristocrats , higher clergy. in khiagt agreement of 1915, china, russia , mongolia agreed on mongolia s status autonomy under chinese suzerainty.

however, republic of china able use russian revolution , ensuing civil war pretext deploy troops in outer mongolia, , in 1919 mongolian government forced sign treaty abolished mongolia s autonomy. according associated press dispatch, mongol chieftains signed petition asking china retake administration of mongolia , end outer mongolia s autonomy. tusiyetu khan aimak s prince darchin ch in wang supporter of chinese rule while younger brother tsewang supporter of ungern-sternberg. under chinese occupation mongolian people s party founded , once again looked north, time soviet russia, help. in meantime, white russian troops led roman ungern von sternberg had occupied khuree in march 1921, , new theocratic government declared independence china on march 13. mongolian revolution of 1921 broke out , ungern , remaining chinese troops driven out in following months, , on july 6, 1921, mongolian people s party , soviet troops took niislel khuree. people s party founded new government, kept bogd khaan nominal head of state. in following years through violent power struggles, soviet influence got ever stronger, , after bogd khaan s death, mongolian people s republic proclaimed on november 26, 1924. government took control of bogda khan s seal after death according 26 november 1924 constitution of mongolian people s republic.

it proposed zhang zuolin s domain (the chinese 3 eastern provinces ) take outer mongolia under administration bogda khan , bodo in 1922 after pro-soviet mongolian communists seized control of outer mongolia.

consolidation of power (1925–38)

between 1925 , 1928, new regime became established. @ time, mongolia severely underdeveloped. industry nonexistent , wealth controlled nobility , religious establishments. population numbered less million people , shrinking due half of mongolian males living in monasteries. in 1928, soviet leader joseph stalin , comintern ordered building of socialism, including collectivization of mongolian agriculture. these left politics led destruction of religion, breakdown in economy , transportation, resulted in uprisings in west , south suppressed of soviet union. in 1934, peljidiin genden visited moscow , angrily accused stalin of red imperialism . subsequently died in great purge after being tricked taking holiday on black sea. after 1932, implementation of command economy scaled back. in 1936, stalin ordered liquidation of country s buddhist institutions. meanwhile, japanese incursions in manchuria casus belli moscow station troops in mongolia. @ same time, great purge spilled mongolia. among killed included genden, anandyn amar, demid, , losol. after removal of genden power, marshal khorloogiin choibalsan, follower of stalin, took over. purges led complete eradication of tibetan buddhism in country, , cost estimated 30,000–35,000 lives, equivalent 5 percent of mongolia s population.

world war ii (1939–45)

during world war ii, because of growing japanese threat on border between mongolia , manchuria, soviet union reversed course of mongolian socialism in favor of new policy of economic gradualism , build-up of national defence. soviet , mongolian armies defeated japanese forces had invaded eastern mongolia in summer of 1939 @ battle of khalkhin gol, , truce signed setting commission define mongolian-manchurian border in autumn of year.

after 1941, mongolia s economy readjusted support soviet union in every way possible, including providing funding several soviet military units. russian historian v. suvorov wrote mongolian aid during soviet–german war important united states assistance because warm clothes decided victory in battles on eastern front. additionally, mongolian volunteers fought in red army against axis powers in europe.

in 1944, mongolia lost 1 of neighbours when tuvan people s republic joined soviet union.

in summer of 1945, soviet union used mongolia 1 base launching manchurian strategic offensive operation, successful attack against japanese. preceding build-up brought 650,000 soviet soldiers mongolia, along massive amounts of equipment. mongolian people s army played limited support role in conflict, involvement gave stalin means force chinese side accept mongolia s independence.

1945 sino-soviet treaty , mongolia s independence

the february 1945 yalta conference provided soviet union s participation in pacific war. 1 of soviet conditions participation, put forward @ yalta, after war outer mongolia retain status-quo. precise meaning of status-quo became bone of contention @ sino-soviet talks in moscow in summer of 1945 between stalin , chiang kai-shek s envoy t. v. soong.

stalin insisted on republic of china s recognition of outer mongolia s independence – enjoyed de facto remained part of china de jure. chiang kai-shek resisted idea gave in. however, chiang extracted stalin promise refrain supporting chinese communist party, partly quid pro quo giving outer mongolia.

thus, sino-soviet treaty guaranteed outer mongolia s independence, ended khorloogiin choibalsan s hopes uniting outer mongolia inner mongolia, remained in china s hands. choibalsan hoped stalin support vision of great mongolia soviet leader sacrificed choibalsan s vision soviet gains, guaranteed sino-soviet treaty , legitimized yalta agreements. in sense, sino-soviet treaty marked mongolia s permanent division independent mongolian people s republic , neighboring inner mongolia of republic of china.

cold war politics (1945–85)

yumjaagiin tsedenbal

secure in relations moscow, mongolian government shifted postwar development, focusing on civilian enterprise. mongolia @ time 1 of world s isolated countries, having no contact nation outside of soviet union. after war, international ties expanded , mongolia established relations north korea , new communist states in eastern europe. mongolia , people s republic of china (prc) recognized each other in 1949, , prc relinquished claims outer mongolia. however, mao zedong privately hoped mongolia s reintegration china. raised question before soviet leadership 1949 (in meeting anastas mikoyan @ xibaipo), , then, having been firmly rebuffed stalin, in 1954, year after death. in 1956, following nikita khrushchev s denunciation of stalin, chinese leaders attempted present mongolia s independence 1 of stalin s mistakes in meetings mikoyan. soviet response mongols free decide own fate.

in 1952, choibalsan died in moscow had been undergoing treatment cancer. succeeded prime minister yumjaagiin tsedenbal. unlike predecessor, tsedenbal enthusiastic incorporating mongolia constituent republic of soviet union. idea met strenuous opposition other mprp members , abandoned.

in 1950s relations between mpr , prc improved considerably. china provided needed economic aid, building entire industries in ulaanbaatar, apartment blocks. thousands of chinese laborers involved in these projects until china withdrew them after 1962 in bid pressure mongolia break moscow @ time of worsening sino-soviet relations.

after beginning of sino-soviet dispute, mongolia briefly vacillated, took sharply pro-soviet stand, being 1 of first socialist countries endorse soviet position in quarrel china. military build-up on sino-mongolian border began 1963; in december 1965 mongolian politburo requested soviet union station military forces in mongolia. in january 1966, leonid brezhnev s visit mongolia, 2 countries signed mutual assistance treaty, paving way soviet military presence in mpr. in february 1967, following weeks of worsening sino-soviet tensions, moscow officially approved stationing of reorganised 39th soviet army in mongolia.

with soviet encouragement, mongolia increased participation in communist-sponsored conferences , international organizations. in 1955, mongolia attempted join united nations, request vetoed republic of china (now based on taiwan) maintained renewed claim on mongolia. mongolia became member of un in 1961 after soviet union threatened veto admission of of newly decolonized states of africa if republic of china again used veto. diplomatic relations united states not established until end of cold war. mongolia became bone of contention between soviet union , china following sino-soviet split because of presence of soviet nuclear arms.

by beginning of 1980s, tsedenbal became increasingly authoritarian , erratic. following series of party purges, expelled office in august 1984 on pretext of old age , mental incapacity . removal of tsedenbal had full soviet backing, , retired moscow lived until death cancer in 1991. jambyn batmönkh took on general secretary , enthusiastically plunged reforms implemented in soviet union mikhail gorbachev.

collapse (1985–96)

after mikhail gorbachev came power in soviet union, implemented policies of perestroika , glasnost. atmosphere of reform in soviet union prompted similar reforms in mongolia. following mass demonstrations in winter of 1990, mprp began loosen controls of political system. politburo of mprp resigned in march, , in may constitution amended, deleting reference mprp s role guiding force in country, legalizing opposition parties, creating standing legislative body, , establishing office of president. on july 29, 1990, first free, multiparty elections in mongolia held. election results returned majority mprp, won 85% of vote. not until 1996 reformed mprp voted out of office.

roman von ungern-sternberg, general of white russian army

the ussr withdrew troops stationed in mongolia, , technical , financial assistance, between 1987 , 1992. subsequently, foreign , defense policy of mongolia profoundly changed: maintaining friendly relations russian federation , people s republic of china shall priority of mongolia s foreign policy activity. shall not adopt line of either country shall maintain in principle balanced relationship both of them , shall promote all-round neighborly co-operation.