Life and military service Ma Fuxiang

1 life , military service

1.1 family history
1.2 qing dynasty
1.3 beiyang
1.4 kuomintang
1.5 army

life , military service
family history

it said american scholar louis m. j. schram ma fuxiang himself of sant descent, had assimilated hui community. santa (san-t a) known dongxiang people. mongol muslims.

schram reported ma fuxiang s sant ancestors belonged group of mongols converted islam under threat of death during qianlong emperor s reign (1736–1796), since area lived, around hezhou, dominated muslim salar rebels @ time. separate group of mongol muslims existed in hezhou s east. leaders claimed lineage yuan dynasty royal family.

however, no other source mentions this. said hui no mention of san-t a/dongxiang mongol ancestors.

qing dynasty

ma fuxiang son of ma qianling. elder brothers ma fushou, ma fulu, , ma fucai(馬福財). 4th son. educated in quran , spring , autumn annals. started studying ma fulu @ martial arts hall in 1889; , ma fushou studied military school 3 years later. in 1895 served under gen. dong fuxiang, leading loyalist chinese muslims crush revolt rebel muslims in dungan revolt (1895–1896). rebel muslims slaughtered , beheaded thousands ma fuxiang s forces , commanding officers received severed heads ma. in 1897 military juren degree awarded ma fuxiang after completed military studies, , took military exam.

ma graduated in military science, having passed provincial examinations. under qing dynasty promoted brigadier general @ palikum, new dominion. (xinjiang). received military training @ military school in kansu.

ma transferred along brother ma fulu , several cousins officers under gen. dong fuxiang beijing in 1898. during boxer rebellion, muslim troops came known kansu braves , , fought against 8 nation alliance. ma fuxiang killed many foreigners in combat. ma led cavalry charge against foreign 8 nation alliance army @ battle of langfang, defeating them , forcing europeans flee. , ma fulu planned , led attack, encircling foreign troops pincer movement. foreign invasion of beijing derailed efforts month. muslim troops engaged in fierce fighting @ zhengyang gate in beijing. ma fulu, , 4 of cousins killed in action in 1900 in beijing during battle of peking (1900), in total 1 hundred soldiers home village died in battle @ zhengyang. had commanded brigade, , ma fuxiang took on position after brother s death. rest of boxer rebellion unit engaged in siege of international legations (boxer rebellion). escorted imperial family xi an.

in march 1909 @ palikun, xinjiang, served brigade general . july august 1912 ma acting chief executive officer of kokonur (de facto governor of kokonor, later qinghai province). on 10 october 1912, in altai commander of guards division .

beiyang

ma fuxiang



ma fuxiang , gen. wu peifu

during xinhai revolution in 1912, ma fuxiang protected catholic mission attacks gelaohui in sandaohe district, , protected catholic mission attacks in 1916. , nephew ma hongbin received order of leopold (belgium) ( king leopold decoration ) work.

the beiyang government , yuan shikai received ma fuxiang s steadfast support once has accepted qing dynasty s time had ended. republic appointed him several military positions.

ma fuxiang named military commander of ningxia president yuan shikai. ma captured mongol separatist in baotou , executed mongol prince tried declare himself emperor, buddhist monk named ta-er lilu-chi (wu daer liufi). supported bandit kao shih-hsiu (gao shixiu). ma fuxiang defeated kao in ningxia in 1916, , mongol princes of otoy, Üüsin , qanggin pledged allegiance fake emperor, presenting him rifles. on 19 june 1916, kao arrived emperor, badly defeated ma fushou, brother of ma fuxiang, , withdrew through otoy sandaohe. in 1917 kao defeated @ shizzuizi, emperor , kao s underlings executed , kao fled.

ma fuxiang s book, shuofang daozhi , portrays these events. account written frenchman harry serruys describes them.

ma fuxiang, commander of protective army, dispatched ma fushou, chief of staff of brilliant military army, attack robbers in zuuqa temple. ma fuxiang dispatched fushou army attack kao s army @ zuuqa temple , destroyed band. in second month of 1917 ma fuxiang executed wu daer liuji. ma fuxiang dispatched nephew ma hongbin attack kao , wu @ shizuishan. when liu-chi defeated, ma fuxiang ambushed him , defeated him again. ma fuxiang captured yu ling-yun, su xuefeng, yao zhankui, zhang zhenqing, li zongwen , several others; in 18 men executed. ma fuxiang wrote commemorative inscription men ningxia died in expedition against bogus emperor. in third month of sixth year of republic [1917], ma fuxiang @ burial of mother. reached ning anbu ma hongbin sent him telegram stating bogus emperor , other bogus generals had mounted invasion suiyuan. after victory, officers in charge of military headquarters , regular soldiers honored.

ma fuxiang defeated brigands near sandaohe (san-tao-ho) , expelled them ningxia, according belgian catholic missionary j. terstappen in 1915.

han-hui relations improved during ma fuxiang s reign on ningxia due policies.

ma fuxiang , jahriyya sufi leader ma yuanzhang became enemies after ma fuxiang got angry ma yuanzhang refused him remove zhang guangjian governor of gansu , telegraphed beijing zhang should remain governor. ma fuxiang , other gansu generals believed native of gansu province should governor rather outsider. ma fuxiang himself considered eligible person serve governor of gansu after zhang s unsuccessful term, because of military service under qing , republic of china, , rule on ningxia.

he invested in wool trade , factory made matches.

ma fuxiang took ma anliang s place de facto leader of muslims in northwest china when ma anliang died in 1918.

ma fuxiang involved in relief efforts in lanzhou during 1920 haiyuan earthquake.

ma appointed military governor of suiyuan beiyang government , served in position 1921–1925. suiyuan had 400-mile river valley , railroad. american businessmen reported ma fuxiang considered modernizing infrastructure in region motorized transport. department of industry , department of education established in suiyuan ma fuxiang while military governor there.

ma fuxiang, member of zhili clique, signed denunciation of anhui clique , military arm, anfu club led xu shuzheng , duan qirui. denunciation circulated through telegram called paoting-fu, on 12 july 1920. zhili clique led wu peifu. @ time ma defense commissioner of ningxia, gansu. led zhili–anhui war.

the gelaohui , ma fuxiang came agreement in 1922, in ma fuxiang agreed allow gelaohui extort protection money wool merchants in baotou. ma fuxiang controlled baotou militarily while central government in beijing controlled baotou s jurisdiction.

ma fuxiang, supervisor in suiyuan, sent telegrams regarding uniting of rehe , chahar defense purposes january–september 1924.

ma fuxiang allied gen. wu peifu , acquired land political separation of inner mongolia zhang zuolin. ma fuxiang s nephew ma hongbin in charge of army, , civil administrator non-muslim. ma hongbin read upton close revelations of prophet in shandong advocated union of buddhism, islam, daoism, catholicism , protestantism in china under confucianism.

according trans-pacific, volume 6, ma fuxiang religiously tolerant , materially progressive , since when served food cooked non-muslims or presented wine, while amidst non-muslims, willing eat , drink. according upton close, did not drink wine or smoke tobacco, served them guests.

ma fuxiang s wife died in 1927 in beijing, , funeral held in hochow. 1 of multiple wives.

chinese generals pay tribute sun yat-sen mausoleum in beijing in 1928 after success of northern expedition. right left, gen. cheng jin, gen. zhang zuobao, gen. chen diaoyuan, gen. chiang kai-shek, gen. woo tsin-hang, gen. wen xishan, muslim gen. ma fuxiang, gen. ma sida , muslim gen. bai chongxi.


kuomintang

in 1924, ma fuxiang met kuomintang leader dr. sun yat-sen in beijing , informed him welcome leadership of dr. sun.

ma fuxiang joined kuomintang during northern expedition in 1928. , son ma hongkui generals in feng yuxiang s army. became member of kuomintang central committee, member of state council, mayor of qingdao, governor of anhui , chairman of mongolian , tibetan affairs commission. ma fuxiang founded islamic organizations sponsored kuomintang, including china islamic association (zhongguo huijiao gonghui).

ma fuxiang , other muslim warlords ma qi broke feng yuxiang s guominjun during central plains war , pledged alleigance chiang kai-shek , kuomintang in name of nationalism. in involvement in national politics, ma alone among muslim warlords.

ma governor of anhui march–september 1930.

in nanjing in april 1931 ma fuxiang attended national leadership conference chiang kai-shek , zhang xueliang, in chiang , zhang dauntlessly upheld manchuria part of china in face of japanese invasion.

prominent muslims ma liang (general), ma fuxiang , bai chongxi met in 1931 in nanjing discuss inter communal tolerance between hui , han.

ma gave explorer sven hedin permission enter gansu.

ma appointed member of central executive committee of kuomintang.

army

ma fuxiang

ma fuxiang recruited salars army, classifying them 5 inner clans , 8 outer clans. designated assimilated tibetan-speaking salars outer group. these salars both fluent in salar , chinese. uniformed , had carbines, rifles, pistols , binoculars. muslims hezhou served in cavalry.

dongxiang people known santa (san-t a) people, , many of them reportedly served in ma fuxiang s army. said ma fuxiang himself of santa descent, , had assimilated hui community. santa muslim dongxiang mongols continued play major role in army, protecting towns. ma fuxiang s santa troops maintained old mongol , qing custom of distributing specially marked arrows tokens officers show status.

among posts held commander of 6th mixed brigade of gansu army in 1922 , 7th division of northwest army in 1926

ma fuxiang had inherited army family, ma fulu , ma qianling. bequeathed on son ma hongkui.