Types of vesicles Vesicle (biology and chemistry)

1 types of vesicles

1.1 vacuoles
1.2 lysosomes
1.3 transport vesicles
1.4 secretory vesicles

1.4.1 types


1.5 extracellular vesicles

1.5.1 types


1.6 other types

types of vesicles

electron micrograph of cell containing food vacuole (fv) , transport vacuole (tv) in malaria parasite.


vacuoles

vacuoles vesicles contain water.

plant cells have large central vacuole in center of cell used osmotic control , nutrient storage.
contractile vacuoles found in protists, in phylum ciliophora. these vacuoles take water cytoplasm , excrete cell avoid bursting due osmotic pressure.

lysosomes

lysosomes involved in cellular digestion. food can taken outside cell food vacuoles process called endocytosis. these food vacuoles fuse lysosomes break down components can used in cell. form of cellular eating called phagocytosis.
lysosomes used destroy defective or damaged organelles in process called autophagy. fuse membrane of damaged organelle, digesting it.

transport vesicles

transport vesicles can move molecules between locations inside cell, e.g., proteins rough endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus.
membrane-bound , secreted proteins made on ribosomes found in rough endoplasmic reticulum. of these proteins mature in golgi apparatus before going final destination may lysosomes, peroxisomes, or outside of cell. these proteins travel within cell inside of transport vesicles.

secretory vesicles

secretory vesicles contain materials excreted cell. cells have many reasons excrete materials. 1 reason dispose of wastes. reason tied function of cell. within larger organism, cells specialized produce chemicals. these chemicals stored in secretory vesicles , released when needed.

types

synaptic vesicles located @ presynaptic terminals in neurons , store neurotransmitters. when signal comes down axon, synaptic vesicles fuse cell membrane releasing neurotransmitter can detected receptor molecules on next nerve cell.
in animals endocrine tissues release hormones bloodstream. these hormones stored within secretory vesicles. example endocrine tissue found in islets of langerhans in pancreas. tissue contains many cell types defined hormones produce.
secretory vesicles hold enzymes used make cell walls of plants, protists, fungi, bacteria , archaea cells extracellular matrix of animal cells.
bacteria, archaea, fungi , parasites release membrane vesicles (mvs) containing varied specialized toxic compounds , biochemical signal molecules, transported target cells initiate processes in favour of microbe, include invasion of host cells , killing of competing microbes in same niche.

extracellular vesicles

extracellular vesicles (evs) produced domains of life including complex eukaryotes, both gram-negative , gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria , fungi.

types

exosomes: membraneous vesicles of endocytic origin (50-100 nm diameter) enriched in cd63 , cd81.
microvesicle (also referred shedding microvesicles, smvs), shed directly plasma membrane (20–1000 nm).
membrane particles (50–80 nm), or large membranous vesicles (~600 nm) cd133, cd63
apoptotic blebs or vesicles (1000–5000 nm diameter): released dying cells.

these separated density differential centrifugation.

ectosomes named in 2008, in 2012 not considered separate type.

in humans, endogenous extracellular vesicles play role in coagulation, intercellular signaling , waste management. extracellular vesicles of (mesenchymal) stem cells, known secretome of stem cells, being researched , applied therapeutic purposes, predominantly degenerative, auto-immune and/or inflammatory diseases.

in gram-negative bacteria, evs produced pinching off of outer membrane; however, how evs escape thick cell walls of gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria , fungi still unknown. these evs contain varied cargo, including nucleic acids, toxins, lipoproteins , enzymes , have important roles in microbial physiology , pathogenesis. in host-pathogen interactions, gram negative bacteria produce vesicles play roles in establishing colonization niche, carrying , transmitting virulence factors host cells , modulating host defense , response.

ocean cyanobacteria have been found continuously release vesicles containing proteins, dna , rna open ocean. vesicles carrying dna diverse bacteria abundant in coastal , open-ocean seawater samples.

other types

gas vesicles used archaea, bacteria , planktonic microorganisms, possibly control vertical migration regulating gas content , thereby buoyancy, or possibly position cell maximum solar light harvesting. these vesicles typically lemon-shaped or cylindrical tubes made out of protein; diameter determines strength of vesicle larger ones being weaker. diameter of vesicle affects s volume , how efficiently can provide buoyancy. in cyanobacteria natural selection has worked create vesicles @ maximum diameter possible while still being structurally stable. protein skin permeable gasses not water, keeping vesicles flooding.

matrix vesicles located within extracellular space, or matrix. using electron microscopy discovered independently in 1967 h. clarke anderson , ermanno bonucci. these cell-derived vesicles specialized initiate biomineralisation of matrix in variety of tissues, including bone, cartilage , dentin. during normal calcification, major influx of calcium , phosphate ions cells accompanies cellular apoptosis (genetically determined self-destruction) , matrix vesicle formation. calcium-loading leads formation of phosphatidylserine:calcium:phosphate complexes in plasma membrane mediated in part protein called annexins. matrix vesicles bud plasma membrane @ sites of interaction extracellular matrix. thus, matrix vesicles convey extracellular matrix calcium, phosphate, lipids , annexins act nucleate mineral formation. these processes precisely coordinated bring about, @ proper place , time, mineralization of tissue s matrix unless golgi non-existent.

multivesicular body, or mvb, membrane-bound vesicle containing number of smaller vesicles.