History Artificial intelligence

while thought-capable artificial beings appeared storytelling devices in antiquity, idea of trying build machine perform useful reasoning may have begun ramon llull (c. 1300 ce). calculus ratiocinator, gottfried leibniz extended concept of calculating machine (wilhelm schickard engineered first 1 around 1623), intending perform operations on concepts rather numbers. since 19th century, artificial beings common in fiction, in mary shelley s frankenstein or karel Čapek s r.u.r. (rossum s universal robots).

the study of mechanical or formal reasoning began philosophers , mathematicians in antiquity. study of mathematical logic led directly alan turing s theory of computation, suggested machine, shuffling symbols simple 0 , 1 , simulate conceivable act of mathematical deduction. insight, digital computers can simulate process of formal reasoning, known church–turing thesis. along concurrent discoveries in neurology, information theory , cybernetics, led researchers consider possibility of building electronic brain. first work recognized ai mccullouch , pitts 1943 formal design turing-complete artificial neurons .

the field of ai research born @ workshop @ dartmouth college in 1956. attendees allen newell (cmu), herbert simon (cmu), john mccarthy (mit), marvin minsky (mit) , arthur samuel (ibm) became founders , leaders of ai research. , students produced programs press described astonishing : computers winning @ game checkers, solving word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems , speaking english. middle of 1960s, research in u.s. heavily funded department of defense , laboratories had been established around world. ai s founders optimistic future: herbert simon predicted, machines capable, within twenty years, of doing work man can . marvin minsky agreed, writing, within generation ... problem of creating artificial intelligence substantially solved .

they failed recognize difficulty of of remaining tasks. progress slowed , in 1974, in response criticism of sir james lighthill , ongoing pressure congress fund more productive projects, both u.s. , british governments cut off exploratory research in ai. next few years later called ai winter , period when obtaining funding ai projects difficult.

in 1980s, ai research revived commercial success of expert systems, form of ai program simulated knowledge , analytical skills of human experts. 1985 market ai had reached on billion dollars. @ same time, japan s fifth generation computer project inspired u.s , british governments restore funding academic research. however, beginning collapse of lisp machine market in 1987, ai once again fell disrepute, , second, longer-lasting hiatus began.

in late 1990s , 21st century, ai began used logistics, data mining, medical diagnosis , other areas. success due increasing computational power (see moore s law), greater emphasis on solving specific problems, new ties between ai , other fields , commitment researchers mathematical methods , scientific standards. deep blue became first computer chess-playing system beat reigning world chess champion, garry kasparov on 11 may 1997.

advanced statistical techniques (loosely known deep learning), access large amounts of data , faster computers enabled advances in machine learning , perception. mid 2010s, machine learning applications used throughout world. in jeopardy! quiz show exhibition match, ibm s question answering system, watson, defeated 2 greatest jeopardy champions, brad rutter , ken jennings, significant margin. kinect, provides 3d body–motion interface xbox 360 , xbox 1 use algorithms emerged lengthy ai research intelligent personal assistants in smartphones. in march 2016, alphago won 4 out of 5 games of go in match go champion lee sedol, becoming first computer go-playing system beat professional go player without handicaps. in 2017 future of go summit, alphago won three-game match ke jie, @ time continuously held world no. 1 ranking 2 years. marked completion of significant milestone in development of artificial intelligence go extremely complex game, more chess.

according bloomberg s jack clark, 2015 landmark year artificial intelligence, number of software projects use ai within google increased sporadic usage in 2012 more 2,700 projects. clark presents factual data indicating error rates in image processing tasks have fallen since 2011. attributes increase in affordable neural networks, due rise in cloud computing infrastructure , increase in research tools , datasets.

other cited examples include microsoft s development of skype system can automatically translate 1 language , facebook s system can describe images blind people.